LIABILITY OF THE GUARANTOR BY AVAL OF A BILL OF EXCHANGE
Despite the fact that the same term was used under the Polish law (i.e. „poręczenie”) an aval is a separate institution from civil suretyship. Therefore unfortunately even some lawyers who do not deal with law on bills of exchange may be misled. An aval is a collateral securing receivable like civil suretyship however the rules under which a giver of an aval is liable are different and more strict. No wonder that aval is willingly applied in debtor creditor relations thus putting the creditor in a stronger position.
RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES DURING PANDEMIC
Daniel Dulęba and Łukasz Warzecha discuss on restrictions on civil liberties contrary to Constitution during pandemic. Disproportionate infringement of fundamental rights raises serious concerns.
LIABILITY OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY UNDER ART. 299 COMMERCIAL COMPANIES CODE
In Poland a member of the board of the limited liability company (spółka z o.o.) may be liable for the debt of the company. Such cases are quite often when the company has no money to satisfy its debts.
